14 research outputs found

    Estudo de escórias de refino primário de aços com vistas a redução do consumo energético em fornos elétricos a arco

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    As indústrias siderúrgicas almejam aliar a máxima produtividade com um menor custo, neste contexto, no processo de produção de aço em uma aciaria elétrica uma série de fatores necessita de um melhor entendimento para alcançar as metas exigidas (máxima produtividade e menor custo). Um destes fatores que tem efeito direto sobre os custos é a escória espumante no refino primário, que além de favorecer o rendimento metálico, melhora a eficiência energética do FEA. O objetivo geral do presente trabalho é estudar as escórias de refino primário visando a redução do consumo energético, avaliando a espumação e os diferentes parâmetros que a afetam, utilizando a termodinâmica computacional (software FactSage 6.4) e dados industriais. A metodologia desenvolvida buscou especificamente: a) avaliar a saturação de MgO para o sistema CaO-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3-MgO através da termodinâmica computacional; e para os dados industriais: b) encontrar relações entre a composição química da escória e o consumo de energia elétrica; c) utilizar os diagramas de saturação isotérmicos (ISD’s) para avaliar o consumo de energia elétrica, avaliando a posição das corridas analisadas; d) encontrar relações entre os harmônicos de tensão e o consumo de energia elétrica; e) encontrar relações entre os harmônicos de tensão e a composição química da escória. Com relação à análise dos dados obtidos, pode-se concluir que: 1) a análise de saturação de MgO realizada no programa FactSage 6.4 apresentou os resultados esperados com relação à variação de composição química, a comparação entre os diagramas ternários e ISD’s; 2) o menor gasto de energia elétrica foi encontrado para as seguintes faixas de composição química: FeO entre 27,5 e 30% em massa, basicidade binária entre 3,0 e 3,2, MgO entre 5,5 e 6,5% em massa; 3) os ISD’s podem ser utilizados para a análise do consumo energético; 4) o teor de FeO de menor desvio padrão dos harmônicos foi de 29%; 5) quanto maior a variação dos THDv’s (distorção harmonica total de tensão), maior o gasto energético.Steelmaking industries aim to combine maximum productivity with a lower cost, in this context, in the steel production process in an electric steel plant a number of factors needs a better understanding to achieve the required goals (maximum productivity and lower cost). One of these factors that have a direct effect on costs is the foamy slag in the primary refining, which in addition to promoting the metal yield improves the energy efficiency of FEA. The overall objective of this work is to study the primary refining slag aimed at reducing energy consumption, evaluating the foaming and the different parameters affecting it, using computational thermodynamics (FactSage 6.4 software) and industrial data. The methodology consisted of: a) evaluate the MgO saturation for the CaO-SiO2-FeO-Al2O3-MgO system by computational thermodynamics; and with industrial data: b) find relationships between the chemical composition of the slag and the consumption of electricity; c) use the isothermal saturation diagrams (ISD) to assess the energy consumption, evaluating the position of the analyzed heat; d) find relationships between the voltage harmonics and power consumption; e) find relationships between the voltage harmonics and the chemical composition of the slag. Regarding the analysis of the data, it can be concluded that: 1) the MgO saturation analysis in FactSage 6.4 program presented the results expected in relation to the variation in chemical composition, the comparison between the ternary diagrams and ISD's; 2) the lowest power consumption was found for the following chemical composition ranges: FeO between 27.5 and 30%, binary basicity between 3.0 and 3.2, MgO 5,5 e 6,5%; 3) ISD's can be used for the analysis of energy consumption; 4) the FeO content of less harmonic standard deviation was 29%; 5) the greater the variation of THD's largest energy expenditure

    Cálculo dos anos de vida ajustados pela produtividade (PALY) para estimar o custo do Diabetes na população brasileira

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    O diabetes mellitus é uma das doenças mundialmente mais prevalentes em adultos e está entre as principais causas de perda de anos de vida saudável, o que se agrava com o acelerado envelhecimento populacional no Brasil. Este estudo visa estimar os valores de presenteísmo e absenteísmo devido ao diabetes a partir dos dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2019, utilizando-se um modelo linear considerando o plano de amostragem complexa. Combinando esses dados com a prevalência do diabetes e taxa de mortalidade obtidos em outros estudos, estimou-se a diferença entre o PALY (anos de vida ajustados pela produtividade) dos indivíduos com e sem diabetes. Calculou-se então a consequente redução no produto interno bruto (PIB). A soma do presenteísmo e absenteísmo resultou em uma redução de 16% na produtividade de indivíduos com diabetes quando comparado com aqueles sem diabetes. Estimamos de forma conservadora que na coorte de brasileiros de 2019 com idade entre 20 e 60 ou 65 anos, o diabetes será o responsável por uma perda no PIB de aproximadamente 113 bilhões de dólares, em um cenário com redução anual do PALY de 3% e sem aumento anual do PIB de 1.3%. Essa perda representa em torno de 7% do PIB brasileiro de 2021. Com o uso dos dados provenientes da PNS conseguiu-se, de forma inédita, construir um modelo para estimação dos anos de vida produtivos perdidos devido ao diabetes na população brasileira, enriquecendo as estimativas da carga da doença no Brasil e consequentemente nos países de baixa e média renda.Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent diseases worldwide in adults and is among the leading causes of loss of healthy years of life, which is exacerbated by the accelerated population aging in Brazil. This study aims to estimate the values of presenteeism and absenteeism due to diabetes from the data of the National Health Survey (PNS) of 2019, using a linear model considering the complex sampling plan. Combining these data with the prevalence of diabetes and mortality rate obtained in other studies, we estimated the difference between PALY (years of life adjusted for productivity) of individuals with and without diabetes. Then the reduction in GDP was calculated. The sum of presenteeism and absenteeism resulted in a 16% reduction in the productivity of individuals with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. It was conservatively estimated that in the cohort of Brazilians in 2019 aged between 20 and 60 or 65 years, diabetes would be responsible for a loss in GDP of approximately 113 billion dollars, in a scenario with an annual reduction of PALY of 3% and without an annual increase in GDP of 1.3%. This loss represents around 7% of Brazil's GDP in 2021. Using data from the PNS, we were able to develop, for the first time, a model for estimating productive life years lost due to diabetes in the Brazilian population, enriching estimates of the disease burden in Brazil and consequently in low- and middle-income countries

    Slag foaming fundamentals : a critical assessment

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    Slag foaming is part of steelmaking process and could bring several benefits: it helps to save energy, improves productivity, enhances the refractory service life, decreases noise pollution and protects the bath from nitrogen incorporation. Unfortunately, slag foaming is a highly dynamic process that is difficult to control. There are factors that limit the quality of the foam generated on the slag, such as: basicity, FeO content, surface tension, viscosity, carbon and oxygen injection. This paper aims to discuss the main factor that induces foaming, mathematical models proposed by different authors and the use of isothermal solubility diagram (ISD) to predict the foam quality

    Slag evaluation to reduce energy consumption and EAF electrical instability

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    In steel mills that operate with electric arc furnaces (EAF), it is interesting to ensure greater stability to the electric arc to aim at less distortion in the electrical system, with consequent reduction in electric power consumption. The slag foaming increases electric arc stability by reducing the total harmonic distortion (THD) between EAF phases. In this study, information about the chemical composition of the slag and electrical parameters of an EAF were collected. With the composition data, it was possible to determine the FeO and MgO content and basicity of the foamy slag which caused a reduction in THD and in electric power consumption. The effective viscosity of foaming slag was calculated and an increase in the effective viscosity provided a decrease in THD. A reduction of THD showed a decrease in the consumption of electric power in the EAF refining stage

    Slag foaming fundamentals : a critical assessment

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    Slag foaming is part of steelmaking process and could bring several benefits: it helps to save energy, improves productivity, enhances the refractory service life, decreases noise pollution and protects the bath from nitrogen incorporation. Unfortunately, slag foaming is a highly dynamic process that is difficult to control. There are factors that limit the quality of the foam generated on the slag, such as: basicity, FeO content, surface tension, viscosity, carbon and oxygen injection. This paper aims to discuss the main factor that induces foaming, mathematical models proposed by different authors and the use of isothermal solubility diagram (ISD) to predict the foam quality
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